

The submarines Galileo Galilei, Torricelli and Galvani struck early Galileo Galilei sank the Norwegian freighter James Stove off Djibouti, before British counter-measures forced the submarines to depart the area. The submarines Perla and Macallé ran aground while their crews were intoxicated by chloromethane and the latter could not be salvaged. Leakage of chloromethane refrigerants caused central nervous system poisoning in the recirculating air during submerged operations and about twelve sailors died aboard Archimede. Some of the earliest failed when submarine air conditioning systems, intended to reduce temperatures in the warm water of the Red Sea proved dangerous under wartime operating conditions. Several attempts were made to stage offensive actions against the British Royal Navy and Allied convoys from Massawa. See also: Action of 27 February 1941 and Action of Map of the Bab el Mandeb strait
